華語、臺灣閩南語及日語身體詞研究

Abstract

臺灣語言中，華語、閩南語及日語關係密切，研究來看，當前臺灣乃以華語、閩南語為主要語言，日語則因歷史上臺灣曾受日本統治五十年，當時推行的「國語」即為「日語」，而今日臺灣語言當中的華語、閩南語更沉澱不少日語外來詞，因此本文選擇此三語做一共觀研究。本文以華語、閩南語及日語三種語言中最常用的「身體相關語彙」為探究對象，由「認知語言學」角度分析身體詞彙中的認知隱喻表現，藉由統括式的整理及理論運用，期望能歸納出華語、閩南語及日語三種語言的語義特徵、認知隱喻類型，語言結構以及其中暗涵的語言文化特點，也由認知隱喻探討臺灣人群思維過程及其背後所隱涵的文化。本文探討以華語為主，閩南語及日語為輔，以辭典收錄的詞彙作為研究語料，大量蒐集三語當中身體詞相關詞語，進一步分析它們在認知隱喻方面的表現，各章節探討詞語包括:（一）「頭部」身體詞：「頭」、「首」；（二）「五官」身體詞：「眼」、「目」、「耳」、「鼻」、「眉」；（三）「口部」身體詞：「口」、「嘴」、「舌」、「牙」、「齒」；（四）「四肢」身體詞：「手」、「掌」、「腳」、「足」；（五）「內部器官及其他」身體詞：「心」、「肝」、「髮」等，其中包含二字詞三字格及四字格語彙，日語則包含慣用語。由於日語並非像臺灣語言一樣是方塊字，能夠完整以「漢字」呈現，當中夾雜平假名、片假名，無法清楚歸納出二、三或四字格詞彙，因此本文裡華語、閩南語以部份身體詞「詞彙」當作研究語料；日語方面則是以身體詞「慣用語」中出現的身體詞語作為探討對象。「語義」表現部份，本文著重在「認知語義學」當中「隱喻」及「轉喻」兩方面的探討。身體詞在語言上的隱喻應用情形可以說是無所不在，身體詞各部位名稱常用以隱喻人情事物，尤其在現在科技發達的社會，各國語言互相交流，網路詞彙也不斷創新，使得身體間的隱喻表現應用更加廣泛。概念「隱喻」及「轉喻」是認知思維的兩大類型，透過身體詞語料的分析可以讓我們更加了解身體詞當中的思維內涵，為何同樣的概念，在不一樣的國家及語言當中會以不同的身體器官來表示一樣的概念。本研究不僅揭示身體詞語對人體認知世界的重要性，還進一步凸顯它在語言隱喻思維背後的文化價值，從中探討蘊藏在語言當中的文化瑰寶，最終期望深具特色的臺灣語言文化能夠永續傳承。

In connection to Taiwanese language, language like Mandarin Chinese, Taiwanese Southern Min, and Japanese are closely related. This study shows that the in contemporary Taiwan, Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese Southern Min are the main languages, Because of, the intreoduction of “Japanese” as the “State Language by the Japanese colonial government during its fifty-years rule over Taiwan,” the vocabulary of today's Taiwanese language in Mandarin Chinese and, Taiwanese Southern Min originated in Japanese. The thesis, thus takes all three languages to present a comparative study. Taking the most commonly used “Body-related Vocabulary” in Mandarin Chinese, Taiwanese Southern Min, and Japanese as the object of inquiry. Departing from “Cognitive linguistics” theory, this thesis analyzes the cognitive metaphor expressions in body vocabulary. Using statistical methods, it is expected that the semantic characteristics, cognitive metaphor types, language structure and the language and cultural characteristics implied by all three languages under inquiry can be identified.Taking the Mandarin Chinese -based, Taiwanese Southern Min, and Japanese-assisted, dictionary-included vocabulary as research material, a large number of collection of three languages in the body-related vocabulary words, further analysis of their performance in cognitive metaphor, the chapters explore the words include: (1) “head”-related vocabulary: “頭”, “首” ;(2) “the five sense organs”-related vocabulary: “眼”, “目”, “耳”, “鼻”, “眉” ;(3) “mouth”-related vocabulary: “口”, “嘴”, “舌”, “牙”, “齒” ;(4) “arms and legs” -related vocabulary: “手”, “掌”, “腳”, “足” ;(5) “internal organs” and other body-related vocabulary: “心”, “肝”, “髮” and so on, which contain two-word three-word and four-word grid, while Japanese contains idioms. Since Japanese is not an islolating language like the Taiwanese language. Japanese, however, can be expressed in “Chinese characters”, interspersed with Hiragana and Katakana.In the chapter on “Semantics”, this thesis focuses on the discussion of “Metaphor” and “Metonymy” in “cognitive semantics”. The application of body words in language metaphor can be viewed as ubiquitous. Body-related words usually perform metaphorical function. In today's technologically developed society, inter-language exchange, network vocabulary is also constantly innovating, so that the metaphorical expression between the body is more widely used. The concepts “Metaphor” and “Metonymy” are two types of cognitive thinking, through the analysis of body words can let us better understand the meaning of thinking in body-related words, why the same concept, in different countries and languages will be different body parts to express the same concept. This study not only reveals the importance of body-related vocabulary to the cognitive world of human body, but also further highlights its cultural value behind the thinking of language metaphor, from which it explores the cultural treasures hidden in language, and finally hopes that the distinctive Taiwanese language and culture can be inherited forever.