十六世紀至十九世紀基督教主題瓷器研究

Abstract

自十六世紀起，中國瓷器開始大量進入歐洲，為歐洲文化、工藝技術、藝術審美帶來了劇烈的影響。歐洲人從最初購買與中國內銷瓷器別無二致的瓷器，到後來開始向中國訂製描繪有西方母題的特殊訂製瓷，而在西方母題中基督教主題的數量和存在的時間相當顯著。有關基督教主題瓷器的研究，過去研究大多僅將基督教主題瓷器視為中國外銷瓷的一個種類，聚焦在紋飾內容解讀以及考證紋飾圖像出處，並未針對這類瓷器的風格和用途進行討論。本論文旨在研究十六至十九世紀的基督教主題瓷器，藉由分析各大博物館、私人收藏中的藏品，歸納出基督教主題瓷器的風格演變，同時了解這類瓷器的訂製脈絡與使用功能，並觀察基督教圖像在跨文化和跨媒材的傳遞、詮釋過程中的文化交流現象。主要結論如下：一、基督教主題瓷器紋飾可分為六類：「基督教符號」、「教會徽號」、「新約聖經故事」、「舊約聖經故事」、「神學家肖像」以及「其他」。二、從十六至十九世紀，基督教主題瓷器的風格變化為「西方母題增加、中國母題減少」，以及「紋飾複雜化」的趨勢。此種變化主要受到釉彩技術變革，與中西交往漸趨頻繁的影響。三、使用基督教主題瓷器的階層大多為歐洲富裕的基督徒，功能主要是裝飾擺設和宗教儀典。四、紋飾圖像中出現不少錯繪和轉化成中國圖像的情況，主要歸因於繪製紋飾的工匠不了解基督教文化，並且傾向以自身文化詮釋外來文化。屬於歐洲的基督教圖像遠渡重洋來到中國，經由中國工匠之手重新繪製到瓷器上，再回到歐洲人的手中，歐洲人在接觸到由異國工匠製作的基督教主題瓷器，從中發現了特殊的中國風情趣，進而又影響了西方的審美品味。基督教主題瓷器是一種特殊的藝術品，展現了中西文化交流的特殊意義。Since the 16th century, Chinese porcelain began to enter Europe in large quantities, bringing a dramatic impact on European culture, craftsmanship and aesthetics. Europeans initially bought porcelain that was the same as China's domestically sold porcelain, and later began to purchase special-order porcelain depicting Western motifs. Among these motifs, the number and duration of Christian subjects were quite significant. Regarding the research on Christian subject porcelain, most previous studies only regarded Christian subject porcelain as a type of Chinese export porcelain, focusing on the interpretation of the pattern and the verification of the origin of images, without discussing the style and use of this typeof porcelain. The purpose of this paper is to study Christian subject porcelain from the 16th to 19th century. By analyzing collections in museums and private collections, to conclude the style evolution of Christian subject porcelain and understands the customization and functions. Moreover, to observe the cultural exchange phenomenon in the process of cross-cultural and cross-medium transmission and interpretation of Christian images.The main conclusions are as follows:1. The pattern of Christian subject porcelain can be divided into six categories:"Christian symbols", "Religious order emblems", "New Testament stories", "Old Testament stories", "portraits of theologians" and "others". 2. The style of Christian subject porcelain changed into a trend of "an increase in Western motifs and a decrease in Chinese motifs" and "complicated pattern." This change was mainly affected by improvement in glaze technology and the increasingly frequent contacts between China and the West. 3. The main costumer of Christian subject porcelain are wealthy Christians in Europe, and their functions are mainly for decorative furnishings and religious ceremonies.4. There are many “mispaintings” and conversions in the pattern. This is mainly due to the fact that the craftsmen who painted the pattern do not understand Christian culture and tend to interpret foreign cultures with their own culture.European Christian images traveled across the ocean to China, were repainted on porcelain by Chinese craftsmen. When Europeans received these Christian subject porcelains, they discovered special interest of Chinese style tastes, in turn, influenced Western aesthetic tastes. Christian subject porcelain is a special work of art that demonstrates the significance of cultural exchanges between China and the West.