以文化翻譯角度論《鼠族》中之混雜英文及其翻譯策略

Abstract

亞特．史畢格曼（Art Spiegelman）的知名圖像小說《鼠族》（Maus）於2020年終於譯入繁體中文世界。書中作者父親符拉迪克所使用的混雜／「非標準」英文為文本其中一項重要特徵，然而，在繁體中文版中，該角色對白的翻譯卻不盡人意。本論文的主要目的為（一）證明翻譯混雜語言時，應採用小眾化、異質化的策略，才能保留該種語言所傳達的文化、歷史和政治背景，以及其使用者的身份；（二）借鏡後殖民翻譯論述中的寫作、翻譯技巧，提出一套概括性的指導原則來幫助後續可能碰到同樣問題的譯者。本研究首先剖釋混雜語言的特點及其與後殖民文學的關聯性，同時闡述保留符拉迪克獨特的語言即促進文化差異，且有助於瓦解標準／「正確」英文的霸權。再者，筆者探討保羅．班迪亞（Paul Bandia, 1993）提出的翻譯技巧（直譯、語義轉換和搭配轉換），以及「翻譯腔」作為風格能夠幫助有文化意識的譯者處理混雜性，並在譯文中創造類似於原文的 「居間」（“in-between”）效果。接著，本文分析繁體中文、簡體中文和日文版《鼠族》譯者所各自採用的翻譯策略、技巧以及三本書中的譯例，以揭示亞洲譯者處理此類混雜文本的現狀。最後，筆者比較《鼠族》原文中的混雜語言以及三本譯本於接收端分別創造的效果，進而探究原作和譯文間的差異如何影響讀者對於角色和文本的詮釋以及世界觀的建構。此份研究主要以英中語言對為對象，討論混雜語言所造成的翻譯問題，為台灣以及中文學術界的先行論文之一。文中所提出的指導原則雖不盡完美，但仍期望能藉此提高混雜語言的地位，並幫助譯者面對混雜文本，克服可能的挑戰。In 2020, Art Spiegelman’s influential graphic novel Maus has finally received a Traditional Chinese translation. Yet, in the TT, the translation of the hybrid/“broken” English spoken by the character Vladek, a key feature of the text, seems to leave plenty of room for improvement. The goal of this thesis is to justify how a minoritizing, heterogeneous approach should be adopted for translating hybrid languages as they uphold and convey cultural, historical, and political backgrounds as well as identities of its speakers; and to develop general guidelines for translators with suggested techniques borrowed from postcolonial translation discourse. This study, firstly, examines the characteristics of hybrid languages and their connection with postcolonial writings, while explaining how preserving Vladek’s unique matter of speech conserves cultural differences and could help demolish the standard/“proper” English hegemony. Then, techniques proposed by Paul Bandia (1993), namely literal translation, semantic shift, and collocational shift, along with a translationese style, are presented as tools that could help culturally-conscious translators process hybrid texts and create an “in-between” effect similar to that of the ST. Next, the translation strategies, techniques, and examples from CHT, CHS, and JP editions of Maus are inspected to uncover the status quo of how Asian translators deal with such texts. Finally, the effects the hybrid language in Maus creates for its readers and the effects the respective TTs their readers are analyzed to discuss how discrepancies between the ST and the TTs might affect readers’ mental representation of characters and texts, and, subsequently, their interpretation of the world at large. This thesis is one of the first to examine problems posed by hybrid languages in the English-Chinese language pair, and, hopefully, the proposed guidelines, although rudimentary, will be of some assistance in fostering hybridity, and encourage translators to brave the challenges presented along the way.