乘勢而為—論籃球運動中的「勢」

Abstract

籃球運動總是習慣從那些易見易知、實有、能操控的部分來思考效力，將球員的高矮胖瘦、速度、投籃、運球等實力條件與效力之間產生直接聯結。然而在比賽過程中會發現，實力與發揮之間並非成正比，而是存在著某種足以改變效力的神祕機轉。而在東方，《孫子兵法》從力量關係（勢）的角度來解析戰事活動，認為人無法單獨自行產生效力，而是整體環境之間所共同形成的某種力量關係釋放之後，在它的牽引、拉扯下所產生，因此必須將效力的主導權交給局勢而非人本身。這種效力觀可以去釐清那夾藏在實力與發揮間足以改變效力的機轉，解釋勢與籃球運動之間的關係，以及效力生產上所會碰到的困難、限制，並帶來不同的指導意義以及價值。結果可以歸納出三種不同的勢：一、刻意造勢，將重心放在個人能力的建構以及發揮，它具有操之在己、簡單的特性，但卻容易忽略局勢而產生勉強、刻意的行為。二、理性造勢的戰術佈置，它雖然從整體格局的角度去用兵，帶來更科學、合理的方法、戰術，但仍然只是一種較高機率的揣測，預設立場對於無常的局勢過於死板、僵硬，理想與現實之間的落差依舊會帶來損耗。三、乘勢而為，它反其道而行，承認人在局勢創造上的有限性，退後一步以配合、轉化的方式來面對勢，因此用兵如水，無常形、無常勢，當自己擺脫刻意，不拘泥於某個目標與手段，自由的意念與行動便能在瞬息萬變的比賽過程中保有起始以及消散的可能，呈現一種超越的效力觀。The efficiency of basketball sports has always been considered to be related to the could-be-seen, controllable and more particle factors, such as players physical condition, their speed, shoot and other skills. However, when it comes to official basketball games, we found that skills and performance are not necessary in direct portion. Surprisingly , some mysterious mechanism takes place when we look into efficiency. In the East, the “Shi” in The Art of War by Sun Tzu can explain the mechanism between skills and performance. This paper is aimed to look into basketball as a sports through the perspective of “Shi”, figuring out different values and meaning. I differentiate “Shi” into 3 types in basketball: 1. Making this “Shi” on a purpose: This is when an individual put all the emphasis on his skills but tends to accidentally ignore the whole situation and act unnaturally. 2. Blend “Shi” into basketball tactics: This is a rather scientific and reasonable method. However, its still a guess, there is always a difference between ideal and reality and it could bring loss in different areas. 3. Go with “Shi”: One has to recognize his limit of creating “Shi” in the game, so he collaborate and transform “Shi”. When one doesn’t do it deliberately and put all the emphasis on a certain target or method, one’s free will take place and he can cope with any sudden changes in the games, presenting a supreme efficiency.