回饋與性別對垂直跳高動作自我效能之影響

Abstract

人類動作表現的性別差異之研究歸納出環境與生理發展為主要影響因素，並且隨年齡之增加環境因素有益趨增高的影響力。環境因素諸如成人的期望與鼓勵等，形成男性比女性有較多的身體活動參與機會與活動時間，較豐富的經驗因此形成較高的自我效能，高自我效能的個體可以預測會有較高的參與程度、表現、以及持續努力的行為。根據自信心性別差異假說，女性在缺乏回饋的情境下會造成低自信心，表現因而不如男性，本研究旨在檢驗於動作表現後提供不同型式的回饋，對不同性別間自我效能的影響。以男、女大學生各30位為實驗參與者，隨機分成：（一）不提供回饋的控制組；（二）提供立即結果獲知的KR組；和（三）提供立即的表現獲知的處方性回饋之KP組等三組。依變項為參與者對垂直跳高動作的效能判斷。實驗結果經t考驗與獨立樣本二因子（性別 x 組別）變異數分析，結果發現：實驗處理後之交互作用未達統計上的顯著差異（F.95(2, 54) = 2.0, p< .05 , ES = 0.70, Power = 0.40），性別間的主要效果達顯著（F.95(1, 54) = 79.2, p < .05, ES = 0.59, Power = 1.00），組別間的主要效果也達顯著（F.95(2, 54) = 7.3, p < .05 , ES = 0.21, Power = 0.93），事後比較發現KR組分別與控制組及KP組間之差異達顯著，顯示KR回饋對效能判斷的影響高於無回饋以及KP回饋。依上述的結果，本研究所得的結論為：（一）KR有助於提升垂直跳高動作的自我效能，對男性的影響高於對女性；（二）KP無助於提升垂直跳高動作的自我效能，但是對女性的影響高於對男性。Studies on gender differences in human motor performance conclude environment and biology factors have major influence. Moreover, environmental influence increases as a function of age. Environmental factors like adults’ expectation and encouragement lead males to have more physical activity participation opportunities, longer duration, and then formed higher level of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy predicts an individual’s participation, performance, and persistence. According to gender differences in self-confidence hypothesis, females are lack of confidence under ambiguous feedback situation. The purpose of this study was then to examine effects of different feedbacks on vertical jump (VJ) self-efficacy among male and female adults. Thirty each of college males and females were randomly assigned to: (1) control group without feedback, (2) KR group with immediate performance results feedback, (3) KP group with immediate prescriptive feedback. Dependent variable was VJ efficacy judgment. t-test and independent two-way ANOVA (gender x group) indicates that: no interaction (F.95(2, 54) = 2.0, p< .05, ES = 0.70, Power = 0.40), significant gender main effect (F.95(1, 54) = 79.2, p < .05, ES = 0.59, Power = 1.00), and significant group main effect (F.95(2, 54) = 7.3, p < .05 , ES = 0.21, Power = 0.93). Post hoc comparison found significant differences between KR group and both control and KP groups. It is concluded that: (1) KR increases VJ self-efficacy with larger effect on males; and (2) KP can not increase VJ self-efficacy, but has larger effect on females.