大學校院優秀女性運動員角色衝突與調適之研究

Abstract

大眾對運動員角色有規範與期待，期待其為男性之身分，此為性別角色刻板印象，是以，期待角色依據社會已形塑之概念來進行角色扮演，當女性進入運動場域，因醫學上的不贊同、性別刻板印象等，易產生角色衝突，致使女性運動員需要找尋合宜的調適機制。因此，本研究目的在瞭解大學校院優秀女性運動員角色衝突及因應之道，運用質性訪談法，採半結構式訪談方式蒐集資料，訪談進行期間為2014年2月15日至4月18日，藉以探討大學校院優秀女性運動員角色衝突及調適情況。所得結論為： (一) 女性運動員角色較以前鬆綁，陽剛女性形象浮現，以女性陽剛的姿態進入運動場域中，打破女性與運動二者對立的情況；(二) 由於個體同時扮演多種角色，且各角色的期望增加或產生變化，因此，優秀女性運動員扮演各種角色標準因而提高、轉變，使得女性運動員產生角色衝突；(三) 女性運動員以認同運動員身份的觀點，來提高此角色的地位，當產生角色衝突時，提升認同，接受挑戰且坦承自己的缺失，以持續運動員生涯。女性運動員產生角色衝突對其不完全為負面的影響，其解決困境過程時亦會獲得成長、更了解自身狀態、提升運動表現及困境排除的能力。研究發現教練對運動員生涯調適佔有重要地位，若能再訪談教練，則能更加了解角色衝突之相關內涵；未來研究方式若增加案例成為綜合型討論，可以加深探討的深度；而隨著時代變遷，角色衝突類型可能產生變化或鬆綁，建議訪談不同年代之優秀女性運動員，從事縱性研究。When it comes to athletes, people often connect to men. The cause of this phenomenon is the public norms and expectations on gender. Gender stereotype is based on the expectations of the society; and it influences the role-play. When women involve in sport fields, they are easily falling into role conflicts, because of against by medical experts and gender stereotypes. Thus, female athletes seek approaches to adapt the situation.This study aims to understand the role conflicts and adaption in talented college female athletes by using in-depth interviews and semi-structured interview which were started from Feb. 15, 2014 to Apr. 18, 2014. The results showed the following points. First, female image has gradually loosened in the sport fields and the role of females has changed from helpless to masculine athletes who break the binary opposition between female and sport. Second, female athletes play multiple roles at the same time, which either have enhanced or changed the expectations putting on them. As a result elite female athletes have to adapt role conflicts. Third, elite female athletes enjoy challenges and admit their defects, so as to continue their athletic lives. Role conflicts would be good for elite female athletes such as self-development, autognosis, increasing athletic ability and overcoming difficulties. This research also revealed that coaches play a vital role to help athletes adapt role conflicts. If we interview coaches, we could find out more about role conflicts. Future research could add case study to go deep into the topics. Moreover, types of role conflicts may have changed or have been untied with time. In order to understand this changing process, future researchers could interview elite female athletes at different ages.