社會工作者眼中親職化兒少圖像之研究

Abstract

本研究旨在透過高風險社會工作者的視角探討親職化兒少之議題，以及在提供服務時遇到的困境與限制。研究中將文化因素納入討論，除了探討國內家庭與孝道文化對親職化現象之影響外，也看見受訪者本身之價值信念亦會影響其眼中之親職化兒少。另外，藉由高風險社會工作者的觀點看親職化兒少立法之可行性，最後討論孝悌楷模獎之看法與建議。研究經由面對面深度訪談九位資深的高風險社會工作者，以下為研究結果：

一、社會工作者眼中之親職化兒少 社工經由與家庭成員互動觀察親職化兒少，或透過學校老師得知孩子相關資訊。社工認為親職化兒少形成的原因為家庭經濟匱乏、家長照顧功能不彰或照顧資源不足，還有雙親婚姻關係不佳。社工也看見親職化對家庭與對孩子本身的影響。在談到需求的部分，社工認為親職化孩子有被關注、增加親子和同儕互動、人生發展規劃與情緒抒發等需求。

二、提供親職化兒少之服務與困境 大部分受訪者提及在提供服務時會以家庭為單位，但有些社工將焦點放在家長，而有些以孩子為工作主體。另一方面，在服務中遭遇之困境與挑戰有服務期程限制、資源分配與運用等議題、此外，合作網絡評估之落差、社工本身專業與反思能力及情感轉移與專業界限等也是常面臨之挑戰。最後，針對立法的需求與可行性，大部分社工在訪談前並沒有想到這個議題，但表示若真要立法，還需要凝聚共識，避免可能之弊端，已確保立法對孩子的助益與影響。

三、社工之文化信念看親職化兒少 社工對於親職化兒少處境的看法，部分受到自己的成長經驗與價值觀影響。此外，有些社工看見孩子對於自己處境的認命，但有些社工則覺得可以透過後天努力改變命運，或透過服務減輕孩子辛苦。社工也提到以往與現在親職化形式大有不同，需要理解家庭脈絡與家庭成員間的動力，並看見家庭的優勢。服務需具備在地化的思維，自我覺察與反思也是社工重要的課題。最後討論社工對孝悌楷模獎之看法，部分社工看見獎項背後對孩子或家庭的助益與影響，有些社工則擔心過度渲染對孩子造成壓力與標籤，也有社工認為是一種利社會的表揚。

最後，依據上述研究結果提出相關建議：

一、政策面向 研究結果發現立法是條漫漫長路，然而，未來若真的要朝立法之路邁進，可先訂定親職化相關定義以及發展親職化評估工具；並從「兒童及少年福利與權益保障法」著手；以及增加宣傳管道。

二、實務面向 在實務工作方面，針對親職化兒少發展更多相關的服務方案；在服務過程中看見孩子需求以及提供細緻化的服務；增加不同網絡間的對話以減少合作上之摩擦；建立完善之親職化服務單位或者可與社區合作，協助社區挹注相關資源提供服務；相關教育訓練提高社工之文化敏感度並看見家庭之優勢，協助社工提高對情感轉移之敏感度與關係界限拿捏之處理；最後在「孝悌楷模獎」的部份建議使用更具體之名詞鼓勵孩子之表現。The purpose of this study is to explore the parentified child in high-risk families through social workers` perceptions, and challenges social workers encountered in providing services. The study includes culture factors, apart from exploring the impact of domestic family and filial piety culture on parentalization, we find that social workers` beliefs can also affect the parentified child they saw. In addition, we explore the feasibility of legislation in parentified child, and discuss the filial piety award with high-risk social workers. The study interviewed nine senior high-risk social workers through face-to-face depth interviews, the results were as follow:

I.Social workers' perceptions of the parentified child in high-risk families Social workers observed parentified child by interacting with family members, or learned about the children through school teachers. Social workers think that shortage of family economic, poor caring functions or insufficient caring resources, and poor marital relationship of parents make the reason why the parentified child existed. They also see the impact of parentalization on the family and the children. Additionally, they think that the parentified child has been concerned, parent-child and peer interaction, life planning, emotional expression and so on as talking about demands.

II.Services and challenges the high-risk social workers encountered Most respondents refer to they provide family-centered services, however, some will focus on parents, and others on children. On the other hand, the difficulties and challenges social workers met were the time limit of services, resource allocation, the assessing gap of cooperation network, professional skills and reflection ability of social workers, transference and the challenges of the professional boundaries. Finally, we discuss the feasibility of legislation in parentified child, and most of the social workers didn`t think about this issue before the interview, however, if it`s to legislate, it needs to gather consensus to avoid the possible disadvantages, and make sure the benefits and the influences to the children.

III.Social workers` beliefs on the parentified child Social workers` beliefs on the parentified child were influenced by their own growth experiences and values. In addition, some social workers see that children accept their own fate, but some feel they can strive to change their own fate, or reduce the child`s burden through services. Social workers also mentioned that the forms of parentified child are quite different from past to present, it needs to understand the family context and the dynamics of family members, and see the family`s strengths. The services should have localization, self-awareness and reflection are also important lessons to social workers. At last, we discuss the filial piety award. Some social workers see the benefits and impacts on the children or the family behind the award, others worry that it will cause pressure and label to the children after over rendering, and still others think it`s a prosocial praise.

Lastly, according to the results mentioned above, some suggestions were proposed:

I.In policy The study results find it takes a long time to legislate, however, if it will legislate in the future, it can define the parentified child and make the assessment tools, starting from “The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act”, and increase propaganda.

II.In practice In practice, it can develop more parentified child service programs, according to children`s needs providing thorough services, and increase communication between different networks to reduce the conflicts. It can also establish complete parentified department, cooperating with communities, enhancing social workers` cultural sensitivities, seeing family`s strengths, enhancing the sensitivities of transference, and deel with the relationship boundaries through professional training. Finally, about the filial piety award, it is recommended to use more specific terms to encourage children`s performances.