來自日語的同形詞對日本漢語學習者的影響之研究

Abstract

筆者針對從日文借用到中文裡的部分共通詞彙進行研究。實藤惠秀(1982)提供的《中国人が認めた日本語来源の中国語（中國人認定來自日語的現代漢語詞彙）》一覽表包含784個詞。由該表中三個字或四個字構成的詞彙，大部分是雙字詞的前面或後面加一個字，或是兩個雙字詞的組合。但本論文只針對雙字詞，以600多個詞為對比分析範圍。利用網路上的中文語料庫「中央研究院平衡語料庫4.0版(現代漢語標記語料庫4.0版)」與日文語料庫「現代日本語書き言葉均衡コーパス」，分析哪些詞彙在漢日語上詞類、及物性、句法上相同或類似；哪些詞彙在詞類、動詞及物性、句法上有差異。 經過上述漢日語裡的同形詞的對比分析，筆者挑選出漢日語同形詞來測試，進而分析日本受試者造成同形詞偏誤的原因。挑選出的詞彙總共17個，出28題中文句子，以是非題方式作答，針對以日語為母語的漢語學習者進行問卷調查，受試者共有44人，初級程度14人，中級程度14人，高級程度16人。 測試調查結果顯示，對於某些漢日語中詞類不同的同形詞的題目，初、中、高級學習者都選錯的比率高，可能受到負遷移影響。另外，對於及物性差異很大的同形詞的題目，初、中、高級學習者選錯的比率也高。同時同形動詞的及物性差異也造成句法上的差異，因此日本受試者容易將日語同形詞的句子結構套用到漢語上，換句話說，在句法差距大的同形動詞的使用上，容易受到母語的負遷移影響。This dissertation compares some isomorphic words by using a Chinese corpus, Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese, and a Japanese corpus, Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese. These words analyzed in this paper are Japanese loanwords in Chinese. They are examined and compared mainly from the perspectives of part of speech and transitivity of verbs. The results show some differences as well in some of these isomorphic words between Chinese and Japanese. Based on these differences in terms of part of speech and verb transitivity, 17 isomorphic words were selected and 28 Chinese sentences were made in order to test native Japanese speakers’ judging ability about isomorphic words used in Chinese. 51 subjects were surveyed in this research. All of them were Japanese native speakers who were studying or have studied Chinese. 14 subjects were categorized as elementary level learners of Chinese, 14 were intermediate level learners, and 16 were advanced level learners. The results of this survey indicate that the differences in part of speech in some isomorphic words between Japanese and Chinese have interfered with learners’ correct use of these isomorphic words in Chinese. The results also show that the differences in transitivity in isomorphic words have caused learners’ misjudgement about grammatical use of these words in Chinese because the transitivity differences widen the gaps in syntactical structures between the two languages. When Japanese native speakers learn Chinese, it is necessary for them to know the differences and similarities in isomorphic words between the two languages in oder to avoid negative transfers from Japanese.