美日賣座動畫電影敘事伏筆安排之研究

Abstract

動畫電影觀賞的年齡層越來越廣，票房成為了重要的指標，目前國際市場中的賣座動畫電影，以美國迪士尼、皮克斯、夢工廠等動畫工作室出品的作品最讓閱聽者熟知，而日本許多導演，如宮崎駿在國際上亦赫赫有名，這些工作室與著名導演作品的成功主要仍是在故事往往能令閱聽人感到驚奇與滿足，也使得美國與日本成為動畫電影產業大國。成功的動畫電影，故事是影片的根本，如何講述故事，讓閱聽人清楚劇情脈絡並且沉浸與感動，成為製作者最需重視的問題與挑戰。在故事編排中，伏筆的安插，不僅吸引觀眾猜測接下來會發生的劇情，也可以產生驚喜感，更能讓故事的劇情合理發展，是相當重要的面向，也甚少被專門探討。 因此本研究探討美日賣座動畫電影的伏筆安排，採用文本分析法，將美日賣座動畫電影運用文字描述與圖片整理各動畫電影中的伏筆，得到一系列以時間軸為基礎的分析結果，以及與敘事手法的關係。以往伏筆被歸類為敘事手法之一，但本研究認為伏筆與敘事結構有關，可與不同敘事手法搭配。本研究探討歸納伏筆的不同呈現形式，以及與敘事劇情的主要或次要關聯。提出的結論包含伏筆的呈現形式以隱含的暗示多於明確提示，發現文獻不曾提過的解釋劇情伏筆，以及伏筆與敘事手法的關聯，還有美日賣座動畫電影的伏筆安排方式與異同，可以提供給動畫電影製作者在故事安排上作為參考。Animated films have become very popular in recent years, and record of box office has being significant indicator. According to the record of box offices, currently, animation studios in the United States such as Disney, Pixar and DreamWorks have produced most popular films in the international animation market. In regard of Japan, the reputation of directors such as Miyazaki Hayao are also very high in an international level. The factors of success attributes to the aspect of storytelling. The plots usually surprise audiences and at the same time provide content for them. Story is essential to the success of films. Thus, how to make audience follow the story line, to immerse and to invoke their emotions has become upmost challenge for the production of animations. Among the issues of storytelling, the arrangement of foreshadowing is one significant matter and has seldom been explored. It attracts audience to speculate about what will happen next, creates a sense of surprise, and make plot arrangement for story reasonable. Therefore, this study is to explore the arrangement of the foreshadowing in popular American and Japanese animated films by using the method of text analysis. Foreshadowing of each animated film is analyzed with texts and images, and then sorted as a series of time based results, as well as the relationship with narrative methods. Foreshadowing has been considered as one of the narrative techniques in many literatures, in this research it is proposed that foreshadowing is more related with narrative structure and is able to be applied with other narrative methods. This study explores and analyzes different forms of foreshadowing, and its major and secondary relationship with narrative plots. It is founded that implicit hint type of foreshadowing is more often seen in films than clear point out type. It is also founded that explained type of foreshadowing that never been identified in literatures. The relationship between foreshadowing and narrative methods applied in films are also clearly summarized. Finally, this study sums up the foreshadowing arrangements of American and Japanese blockbuster animation film, and puts forward the differences between works produced from the two countries. This hopes to provide the animated film makers as a reference in the story arrangement.