輕度自閉症成人就業現況、生涯認知與生活品質之研究

Abstract

本研究乃探究大專離校且有就業經驗輕度自閉症成人的就業情況、生涯認知與生活品質，分析不同背景變項差異。使用調查研究法，並以「成人生涯認知量表」及「臺灣版世界衛生組織生活品質問卷」為研究工具。採取立意取樣，除自行報名亦由教育、勞政、醫療、民間團體及網路社群進行研究招募。發出85份問卷，有效71份，再以描述性統計、獨立及單一樣本t檢定、皮爾森積差相關等進行探討。歸納結論如下：壹、輕度自閉症成人的人口學資料分析一、性別方面，53名男性中，在職組有27名，50.9%，待業組26名，佔49.1%；18名女性中，在職組有14名，佔77.8%，待業組有4名，佔22.2%。在職組女性顯著多於待業組女性。二、就業情況，41名在職組中，全職有35名，佔85.4%，兼職有6名，佔14.6%；30名待業組中，過去全職有11名，佔36.7%，過去兼職有18名，佔60.0%，兩種均有有1名，佔3.3%。在職組中，自行就業有25名，佔61.0%；每月平均工時160-179小時，有25名，佔61.0%；每月平均收入，4萬元以上，有14名，佔34.1%；3萬以上未滿4萬，有11名，佔26.8%。顯示有就業經驗且在職中的輕度自閉症成人，具一定就業能力和薪資保障。三、個人經濟現況方面，部分經獨立部分家庭支援最多，有37名，佔52.1%；全部依賴家庭或政府補助最少，有15名，佔21.1%；在職組經濟獨立狀態顯著優於待業組。四、平均工作維持時間方面，在職組中位數12個月顯著高於待業組3個月；若以百分比看，在職組工作維持時間以3個月內最多，有17名，佔56.7%，待業組待業時間以未滿3個月最多，有11名，佔36.7%；兩組平均工作維持時間僅差距1個月，待業及就業兩組間界線較不清楚，容易頻繁轉換工作。貳、不同就業情況的輕度自閉症成人生涯認知之差異一、生涯阻礙方面，待業組知覺的生涯阻礙顯著高於在職組。二、性別差遇方面，待業組知覺的生涯阻礙顯著高於在職組。三、非傳統職業方面，待業組知覺的生涯阻礙顯著高於在職組。參、不同就業情況的輕度自閉症成人生活品質之差異一、生活品質的生理健康、心理、社會關係、環境等方面，待業組和在職組的平均數相當，兩組之間無顯著差異。二、待業組在生活品質的生理健康、心理、社會關係等方面的平均數低於全國平均數，有顯著差異；惟環境方面無顯著差異。三、在職組在生活品質的生理健康、心理、社會關係等方面的平均數低於全國平均數，有顯著差異；惟環境方面高於全國平均數，有顯著差異，自覺有與一般人相當或更好的生活品質。肆、輕度自閉症成人生涯認知與生活品質之相關一、工作投入方面，輕度自閉症成人生涯認知的工作投入對生活品質大多呈現顯著的低度到中度正相關；惟社會關係未達顯著。二、自我效能方面，輕度自閉症成人生涯認知的自我效能與生活品質呈現顯著的低度到中度正相關。三、生涯阻礙方面，輕度自閉症成人生涯認知的生涯阻礙與生活品質呈現低度到中度負相關。This study investigates the employment status, career cognition, and quality of life of adults with mild autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who have completed higher education and have work experience. The study analyzes differences based on various background variables. A survey research method was employed, using the"Adult Career Cognition Scale" and the "Taiwanese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire" as research tools. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling, including voluntary sign-ups and recruitment through educational institutions, labor authorities, healthcare facilities, private organizations, and online communities. A total of 85 questionnaires were distributed, with 71 valid responses, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent and single-sample t-tests, and Pearson correlation. The following conclusions were drawn:1. In terms of gender, among 53 male participants, 27 were employed (50.9%) and 26 were unemployed (49.1%) in the study. Among 18 female participants, 14 were employed (77.8%) and 4 were unemployed (22.2%). Employed females significantly outnumbered unemployed females.2. Regarding employment status, among 41 employed participants, 35 held full-time jobs (85.4%) and 6 held part-time jobs (14.6%). Among 30 unemployed participants, 11 had past full-time jobs (36.7%), 18 had past part-time jobs (60.0%), and 1 participant had experience in both types (3.3%). The employed group demonstrated certain employment capabilities and income security, with 25 participants being self-employed (61.0%), 25 working for 160-179 hours on average per month (61.0%), 14 earning over 40,000 NTD per month (34.1%), and 11 earning over 30,000 but less than 40,000 NTD (26.8%).3. Regarding personal economic status, 37 participants received partial family support, making up 52.1% of the sample, and 15 participants relied entirely on family or government subsidies, accounting for 21.1%. Employed participants showed significantly higher economic independence than unemployed participants.4. The median job tenure for the employed group was 12 months, significantly higher than the 3 months for the unemployed group. However, the percentage analysis indicated that 17 participants in the employed group (56.7%) had job tenures within 3 months, while 11 participants in the unemployed group (36.7%) were unemployed for less than 3 months. The average job tenure between the two groups only differed by 1 month, making the boundary between unemployment and employment less distinct and leading to frequent job transitions.5. The perception of career obstacles in the unemployed group was significantly higher than in the employed group.6. The perception of gender disparities in career opportunities was significantly higher in the unemployed group than in the employed group.7. The perception of obstacles in pursuing non-traditional occupations was significantly higher in the unemployed group than in the employed group.8. The average scores for physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and environment-related aspects of quality of life were comparable between the unemployed and employed groups, with no significant differences observed.9. However, the average scores for physical health, psychological well-being, and social relationships in the unemployed group were significantly lower than the national average, indicating a significant difference. The environment-related aspect showed no significant difference.10. In contrast, the employed group scored significantly higher than the national average in the environment-related aspect, suggesting a perceived higher quality of life, comparable to or better than that of the general population.11. Work engagement in career cognition showed a significant low to moderate positive correlation with quality of life, with the exception of social relationships, where the correlation was not significant.12. Self-efficacy in career cognition demonstrated a significant low to moderate positive correlation with quality of life.13. Career obstacles in career cognition exhibited a low to moderate negative correlation with quality of life.